The 12 Zodiac Signs
"Zodaikos" is Greek for "circle of animals". Zodiac Signs signify how life is guided, through personality, manner, and energy.
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Each sign has their element, quality, and polarity, which are all very helpful in understanding the signs' significations and similarities.
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The Zodiac Signs represent 30° of sky on the ecliptic (the path the Sun travels from Earth's perspective). Each sign relates to the change of lightness and darkness throughout a solar year and how this energy changes and manifests throughout seasons.
The 4 Elements
Fire
Aries, Leo, Sagittarius

Intuition, consciousness, primal energy, energetic, active, enthusiastic, passionate, needs to express oneself, impulsive, thoughtless, insensitive, takes initiative, innate awareness of their individuality, unique personality, concerned with the purpose of their lives, susceptible to burnout, is their fire conscious or unexamined?
Earth
Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn

Senses, stories, body and form, reliable, sensual, practical, organized, stable, places importance on security, patient, industrious, lacking in vision, petty, narrow-minded, strong-willed, can become lethargic and stagnant, able to apply oneself towards long-rage goals.
Air
Gemini, Libra, Aquarius

Mental, thinking, communicative, likes to deal on the mental plane, quick to grasp ideas, can speak or write effectively, impractical, learns to use the mind in a constructive way, detached, hyperactive, unemotional, can live too often in ideas and opinions, alienating others and themselves.
Water
Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces

Fluid, feeling, heart, peaceful, psychic, vindictive, vengeful, withdrawn, timid, moody, easily manipulated, uncommunicative, lacking in confidence, sensitive to surroundings and subtle vibrations, receives and tunes into realms unseen, creative, imaginative, empathetic, hidden depths.
The 3 Qualities
Cardinal
Aries, Libra, Cancer, Capricorn
Gets things started, assertive, controlling, initiating, motivated by crisis, open to change, action oriented, tries to change the environment, projects themselves onto their surroundings, tackles obstacles directly, self-motivated, might struggle with following through.
Fixed
Taurus, Scorpio, Leo, Aquarius
Sticks to the plan, builds, reservoir of stability, passive, self-contained, loyal, steadfast, concentrating, single-minded in pursuits, molds the environment to their will, manifesting, fixed to their "kingdoms" around them, resistant to change, may go in denial, needs time to prepare for change.
Mutable
Gemini, Sagittarius, Virgo, Pisces
Works out the details, lets go, changeable and flexible, disrupts and loosens structures, adaptable, connecting, mentally explorative, emphasizes intellectual activity, adaptable to their environment, energy can disperse and dissipate easily, scattered, restless, prone to anxiety, worry, fear, and mental tension.
The 2 Polarities
Active
Fire and Air signs
Yang, "positive", more active and assertive than receptive.
Receptive
Earth and Water signs
Yin, "negative", more receptive and reactive than assertive.